Get the latest news and analysis in the stock market today, including national and world stock market news, business news, financial news and more.Enabling environments for climatesmart agriculture CSA are the framework conditions that facilitate and support the adoption of climatesmart.Fundamental Of Futures And Options Markets Solution Manual Pdf' title='Fundamental Of Futures And Options Markets Solution Manual Pdf' />PDSnet Stock Market Glossary.A PRIORIA Latin phrase meaning known ahead of time or more precisely, known without any empirical evidence or experience.The classical example would be a mathematical truism like 1 1 2.This truth can be concluded without any experience or evidence.A priori is the opposite of a posteriori which means known with the advantage of experience or evidence literally known afterwards.In the stock market, private investors are in the business of predicting the future.When you buy a share you do so because you expect it to go up based on your study of the shares price charts, its financials and your general awareness of the economy.Fundamental Of Futures And Options Markets Solution Manual Pdf' title='Fundamental Of Futures And Options Markets Solution Manual Pdf' />But you could be wrong so you prediction is a priori.Once it has gone up your experience is a posteriori.ABANDONAn option contract which is not enforced because it is out of the money.Options confer a right to either buy call or sell put a certain quantity of shares or other instruments at a fixed price before a specified date.If they are not exercised then the option is said to have been abandoned thus an abandon is an option which has not been exercised and has subsequently lapsed.ABANDONED BABYA rare candlestick pattern which can indicate either a new bullish or a new bearish trend.A bullish abandoned baby pattern occurs where there is a strong downward candle at the end of an established downtrend which is then followed by a lower doji formation and finally a strong upward candle where the open is higher than any point in the previous days doji.The bearish abandoned baby pattern is the opposite.ABCElliott wave terminology for a three wave countertrend or downtrend price movement.Wave a is the first down wave against the trend of the market.Wave b is a corrective upward wave to wave a.Wave c is the final price move downwards to complete the countertrend price move.Elliott wave followers study a and c waves for price ratios based on numbers from the Fibonacci series.It has been noted that most bear trends typically have a significant rally which normally recovers about 5.ABNORMAL ITEMAn income or expense which may be part of the companys normal business but which is abnormal in amount.So an unusually high expense or income might be considered abnormal.This is to distinguish it from an extraordinary item which is usually entirely outside the companys normal business such as the once off sale of a fixed asset, a fine for misconduct or some kind of natural catastrophe.ABOVE THE LINEAny normal expense or income which has been included in the calculation of a companys gross profit and which is a part of its normal business such as cost of sales or sales.This is as opposed to below the line incomes and expenses which are taken out after gross profit so fixed expenses like finance costs, salaries, rent and so on.So the line is at gross profit.ACCEPTANCEWhere a bank accepts some kind of debt instrument usually at a discount.Debt instruments are basically IOUs written by one organisation in favour of another.If the company that is owed the money wants to get that money before it is due, they can take it to a bank and discount it.This means that the bank will pay them out the money now less a small fee or discount.This fee when expressed as a percentage of the principal amount can be expressed as an annualised percentage and is known as the Bankers Acceptance rate the BA rate.ACCEPTANCE DATEThe date on which the right acquired by a shareholder as a result of a rights issue must be exercised.Listed companies often raise additional capital from their existing shareholders by undertaking a rights issue.This means that they offer additional shares to their existing shareholders, in proportion to what they already hold at a discount.These rights are embodied in a document called a renounce able nil paid letter of allocation or NPL for short.When there is a rights issue, the company sends out NPLs to all their shareholders holding the shares on a certain date although these days they arrange for the NPLs to appear on their portfolio in their trading platform.The shareholder must then either sell these NPLs or take up the shares before the acceptance date.After the acceptance date, the NPLs have no value.The NPLs are usually listed on the JSE alongside the ordinary shares of the company for a period of about six weeks, ending on the acceptance date.This enables holders of the NPLs to sell them to other investors.The NPL has a value determined by the difference between the current market price of the ordinary share and the take up price.ACCOMMODATIONThe extension of credit by the Reserve Bank to commercial banks.The central bank acts as a banker to the commercial banks, lending them money as they need it through what is known as the discount window.The discount window used to be an actual window in the Reserve Bank at which clerks from the commercial banks would go to draw physical cash.This accommodation was given at a rate known as the repo rate which is still set today by the Monetary Policy Committee MPC every two months. 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